Psychotherapeutic management techniques in the treatment of outpatients with schizophrenia.

Successful outpatient treatment of schizophrenic disorders largely depends on the patient's ability to form a treatment alliance with mental health professionals. However, even in the context of competent pharmacotherapy, symptoms of schizophrenia often persist under this alliance. The authors review five common syndromes occurring during the course of treatment of patients with schizophrenia that interfere with the therapeutic alliance: paranoia, denial of illness, stigma, demoralization, and terror from awareness of having psychotic symptoms. Mental health clinicians can use specific psychotherapeutic management techniques for these symptoms. Examples of these techniques include "sharing mistrust" for paranoid patients, providing patients who deny their illness with alternate points of view, making admiring and approving statements to demoralized patients, and normalizing experiences of stigmatized patients. The techniques do not require advanced psychotherapy training and can be used, with ongoing supervision, by bachelor's-level mental health workers.